Question
These models simulate fluid flow and heat transport between a series of vertical and horizontal grids on the Earth. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name these numerical models that are ubiquitous in climate research. Two-thirds of the 2021 Physics Nobel Prize was awarded for work done with these numerical models that are commonly referred to by a three-letter initialism.
ANSWER: general circulation models [or GCMs; accept global climate models or global circulation models; prompt on stochastic climate models by asking “what broader class of models?”] (The Nobel laureates referenced are Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann.)
[10h] The IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report notes that many GCMs produce unlikely values for this quantity. Transient climate response is similar to this quantity, which measures the long-term response of a model to a doubling of CO2 concentration.
ANSWER: equilibrium climate sensitivity [prompt on ECS]
[10e] Nobel laureate Syukuro Manabe used an equilibrium between this process and convection to design GCMs. This heat transfer process is the biggest energy influx to Earth.
ANSWER: radiation [or thermal radiation; or radiative heat transfer; accept solar radiation; accept radiative–convective equilibrium models; prompt on sunlight]
Data
| Team | Opponent | Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago A | Penn A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Columbia A | UC Berkeley B | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Columbia B | Indiana A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Cornell B | NYU A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Duke A | Chicago C | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Florida A | Toronto A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Georgia Tech A | MIT A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Georgia Tech B | Minnesota B | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Houston A | Minnesota A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Iowa State A | North Carolina A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Johns Hopkins A | Chicago B | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Maryland A | Harvard A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Michigan A | Illinois A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Northwestern A | Brown A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Purdue A | Yale B | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Rutgers A | Vanderbilt A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| UC Berkeley A | Imperial A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| WUSTL A | South Carolina A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| WUSTL B | Texas A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Yale A | Ohio State A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |